BIRTHS

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DIVORCES

DEATHS

EDUCATION

EMPLOYMENT

RECREATION

FEAST DAYS & RELIGIOUS CELEBRATIONS

Employment
PEASANTS - TOWNSWOMEN - NOBLEWOMEN - OTHER WOMEN

It would be impossible to provide a comprehensive overview of women's employment opportunities during the medieval period in full. I have included a brief look at what women generally had the opportunity to do, each according to her social status. This is by no means definate in every single case and there are many records of women who worked outside the normal conventions in occupations usually reserved for men alone.

Women are almost never shown in paintings or manuscripts waiting on tables, a job far too important to be entrusted to a mere women. Serving food at a feast or to an honoured guest was highly esteemed and therefore a job which belonged to the head Steward of a house- a man. In a poor household, the mother would have, of course, brought food to the table for her husband and family along with any daughters of suitable age.

Shown at right is a detail from the month of April from the da Costa Book of Hours illustrated in 1515 by Bening. It shows a domestic scene where peasant men and women work together at a variety of menial jobs- milking the cows, tending the sheep and churning butter.

Peasant women
Peasant women were usually employed in menial work outside the home as well as raising their own family, taking care of their own vegetable patch and any chickens or ducks they may have had.

Young, single English peasant women rarely had the capital to go into business for themselves brewing or baking. They were often employed as live-in servants although recent studies have shown that it was a very poor peasant who could not afford help of her own.
Girls might have worked for a neighbour, relative or be engaged in household work in the nearest town. Working as a servant was not seen as a demeaning work choice and occasionally in household rolls, children are described as being servants of their own parents. With only the very poorest peasant women unable to afford some domestic help, there was usually no class difference between mistress and maid. A woman's status came from her being a wife, rather than where she was employed.

Once married, it was usual for a women to give up her service to someone else and be mistress of her own home. Peasant women were also engaged in spinning and preperation of fibres for spinning and weaving- scouring flax, combing wool and hemp and assisting with sheep shearing.

There was very little that a peasant woman might not be called to do and many illuminations show women working in the fields alongside men. They were hired to do various types of agricultural labour, including planting peas and beans, weeding, reaping, binding, thatching, haymaking, hay stacking, threshing and winnowing.

Shown at right is a detail from a border decoration from the Romance of Alexander dated between 1338 and 1344. It depicts a peasant woman working in the fields and using the same equipment that a men would also have used. The picture is slightly ususual in that the woman is wearing a short dress and her legs are visible.

Of the two work options, live-in servitude was a more secure place of employment and the wages were slightly higher than seasonal work. Outdoor work was usually, but not in all cases, paid at a rate slightly less than men, although women thatchers and reapers were often paid at the same rate as their male co-workers.

The Statute of Cambridge in 1388 shows that the maximum wage for women labourers and dairymaids was 6 shillings per year, much less than the top wage of 10 shillings.

Townswomen and middle class women
Women who lived in towns, were middle class or were engaged in some kind of merchant activity were better off than their counterparts in the country, although it it not to be thought that the hours they worked were any less. As well as a full time job, townswomen also had a family to care for and a small household to run and probably one or two staff of her own to manage. Many townswomen were women who had previously lived in the country and had moved a nearby town seeking full-time employment. This was not seen as a life-time occupation, but rather an employement option suitable for single women until marriage.

Many women were shopkeepers and wage earners. A women whose husband had died, may have continued his trade alone as a femme solo, and be authorised to hire apprentices to carry on her husband's work. Some women were permitted into Guilds but in many cases they were not admitted solely because of their gender and not because of lack of skill or experience. Very few women were formally apprenticed, although many were trained in trades informally. Wives and daughters of skilled tradesmen often fell into this category.

Records of women who worked in towns include, but are not limited to, the following occupations: hat-making, cobbling, glover-making, girdle-making, haberdashery, embroidering, purse-making, capknitting, spinning and silk weaving. They were involved in the food industry in the areas of brewing of ale, butchery, innkeeping, selling garlic, fresh bread, flour, salt, candles, butter, cheese, fish and poultry. While many of the textile arts were dominated by men, embroidery seems to have a larger percentage of women workers than other guilds. Records from the very end of the 13th century show that of the 94 registered embroiderers in Paris, 79 were women.

It may come as a surprise to some that women were also employed as chandeliers, iron mongers, smiths, goldsmiths, skinners, book-binders, painters, spicers and farriers. Shown at right is a woman blacksmith or farrier at work. Source unknown.

Noble and upper class women
There are many misconceptions attached to the noble woman, and how she spent her days. In reality, a woman in the upper classes might not be called upon to do hard, manual labour, but she was in no way exempt from a busy, managerial role. An upper class woman was almost always a land owner, inherited as part of her dowry at marriage. As well as her own holdings, a wife had to be able to replace her husband during his absences. Considering the number of wars and crusades which occurred during the medieval period, these absences could be frequent and lengthy.

The lady of the manor oversaw production of the home farm and dairy. She had to be able to govern the house and hire or fire the staff who worked under her and know enough about the work being done to recognise if it was being done well, even if she was not actually doing the work personally. She also needed to know how to hire seasonal staff and repairmen and pay them fairly. Records indicate that a noble woman could, and did, draw up wills, sue and be sued and make contracts.

Even in a large manor, several small rooms or cottages accommodated the production of consumable goods for the estate or the immediate household, its staff and its guests; all of which required overseeing. A noble lady also needed good accounting and reckoning skills and was often literate. The detail at left shows an illumination from a 15th century manuscript by Boccaccio known as the de Claris Mulieribus showing Minerva in a supervisory role instructing the making of armour.

Other Women
Other occupations provided important livelihoods for medieval women, and these included a life of religious devotion, healthcare or prostitution.

Women who wished to avoid marriage or were widowed and wished to avoid further marriages had the opportunity to take a life of religious contemplation. This came in many forms, but almost all involved life in a community under the care of an Abbess. Beguines were religious women who lived simple lives and were known for their charitable works. Many of these women were from the middle or upper classes. Shown at right is a scene from the right of the Adelheere Altarpiece from 1443.

Other opportunites for women were to train as healers or midwives. Doctors were needed in towns of every size and it seems that midwifery was almost an exclusively female domain. Nurses might have attend the new mother and cared for the newborn, or worked in a hospital or hospice caring for the sick, diseased or pilgrims who were en route to a shrine and had fallen unwell along the way.

Occasionally we hear of an exceptional woman who took a profession uncommon to most other women. One such famous medieval woman was Christine de Pisan who, as a widowed mother of three, and only aged 25, became a successful writer to support herself and her family. Although women did write, it was not a usual career path for most women. The illumination detail at left shows Christine Presenting Her Manuscript To King Charles VI of France. It is dated at 1410-1411.

Women who were outside of the normal roles for medieval women might also be employed as musicians- jongleuresses and menestrelles. They usually traveled as part a of small groups of entertainers and were often the wives or daughters to their male counterparts. In a few cases, there are records of women in independent roles. In 1321 in Paris, women were given permission to participate in the Guild of Minstrels.

Prostitution, as much as it was frowned upon, were deemed a rather necessary part of life, and poor women sometimes turned to ths occupation in order to make a living. Towns and cities tried to regulate the clothing a prostitute could wear and sumptuary laws tried to curtail extravagant clothes which the lifestyle of a working woman could afford. Ironically, at certain periods over the Middle Ages, prostitutes were exempted from sumptuary laws because it was acknowledged that a women in that line of work required certain things to make her desirable in order to make a living.

Many guilds made donations to churches and cathedrals which funded stained glass windows which more often than not, showed the craftsman at his or her trade. In the 12th century, the Guild of Prostitutes in Paris made a donation to the Cathedral of Notre Dame althought discretely did not fund a window depicting the guild itself.

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