CLEANLINESS

SKIN CARE

COSMETICS

ORAL CARE & DENTISTRY

HAIR CARE

HAIRSTYLES

BODY HAIR

FEMININE HYGIENE

GENERAL HEALTHCARE

Perhaps the best-known medieval medical journal is the late 14th century Tacuinum Sanitatis, shown above, which was a medical codex with almost full-page, colour illuminations, written and illuminated for the Cerruti Family. It was probably made from Verona. The Tacuinum Sanitatis dealt with many aspects of healthcare- herbs, substances, emotions and types of fabrics. Much of what we know today about medieval healthcare comes from this book. There are five or six existing copies of this book which vary slightly, but contain, for the most part, the same inofrmation.

The detail at left, is from the Tacuinum Sanitatis shows a man purchasing medicine from an apocathary. The scales on the bench were used to give correct measure for may of the complicated recipes known and used.

Only a few textbooks survive specifically dealing with women's health, although it must be supposed that medieval women faced the same kind of daily complaints as the modern woman. Headaches, ringworm and warts were seen as curses from a displeased God, but home remedies went hand in hand with prayers for the cure of many ailments.

Looking at an image of Saint Christopher was devoutly believed to give protection from sudden death for the next 24 hours. Wearing a ring or brooch with the names of the three wise men- Caspar (or Jaspar), Melchior and Balthazar- was also good to cure epilepsy. Many 13th and 14th century rings were also inscribed with the letters A.G.L.A. which were to aid against fevers.

Hildegard Von Bingham, a twelfth century English woman phsycian wrote on women's health, as did Gilbert the Englishman in the 13th century. His compilation of remedies are based on a Latin medical textbook and is known as The Sickness of Women.

Bloodletting was believed to release vile humours from the body through the wound and was widely practiced on both men and women. The picture at right is a detail form the 14th century illumination, the Luttrell Psalter and shows a doctor releasing blood from an ailing patient.

Many herbal remedies were utilised throughout the Middle Ages, some of which persist today. Taking honey for a sore throat in these modern times certainly does not raise any eyebrows and yet is was a common remedy in the middle ages.

Listed below are home herbal preparations recorded for use from as early as the 12th century. Please don't try these at home. They made be injurious or inflict harm.

DO NOT TRY THESE AT HOME!

Headaches
It is written in Culpepper's Herbal, that vervain verbena officinalis warded off headaches, although it it not specified how.

Weight loss
It seems that as now, the medieval woman could be concerned with her weight. One did not wish to be thin, as this indicated the lack of means to feed oneself properly, however after childbirth or when weight became greater than desired, slimming tonics were called for.

To enhance loss of weight, fennel foeniculum vulgare (at right) seeds are reputed to make people lean that are too fat. Garden patience or great monk's rhubarb roots were also used in diet drinks.

Worms
Garlic allium sativum was eaten whole like a vegetable. Warm and dried, it was given against poisons but also to kill worms while onion allium cepa steeped all night in springwater kills worms if taken after morning fasting.

Another cure is made thus: Take lime and twice as much chalk and with wine or water, make a thin cement. Apply with 5 days with a feather to the area where the worm is. On the fifth day, take aloe and a third as much myrrh, crush and with fresh wax, prepare a plaster. Use hemp cloth and tie on for 12 days.

Warts and corns tinctures
The sun dew juice unmixed and applied topically will destroy warts and corns. Spurge or garden spurge milk is good to take away warts if applied externally.

Mosquito repellents
Pennyroyal mentha pulegium was popular as a flea dispeller scattered or burnt in rooms, and the leaves were rubbed on the skin to deter insects.

Antiseptics
Marshmallow althaea officinalis, ivy hedera helix and thorn apple datura stramonium were still used in twentieth century rural England to soothe injuries, burns and insect bites and have been handed down for generations as herbal remedies.

Alum and pomegranate punica granata (at right) are mentioned by Roger of Frugard as ingredients in a lotion to overcome suppuration, are astringents.

Banckes' Herbal written in 1525 suggests rosemary rosmarinus officinalis as a medieval antiseptic writing:

boil the leaves in white wine and wash thy face therewith, thy beard and thy brows, and there shall no corns grow out, but thou shall have a fair face.

Toilet paper
Althought toilet paper- squares made from ricepaper which was cheap and plentiful- was known in China as early as the 6th century, it was noted with horror that the Chinese only wiped and not washed with water as other Europeans did.

It seems that toilet paper, and indeed the idea of toilet paper, was unappealing to early Europeans and the use of paper squares was not adopted back home. Obviously, some kind of wiping system or device was used during the middle ages. There appear to be two that we know of today- gomphus or the gomph stick and torchcut or torche-cul. The gomph stick was a curved stick and used as we use toilet paper- to scrape. The torche-cul refers to straw which was used in the toilet. It literally translates as 'arse-wipe' or 'arse-torch' indicating that the straw was used either for lighting in the toilet or as a substance to wipe with. Some people assert that Spaghnum moss was used to wipe with but I have no concrete evidence of this.

Perhaps water was supplid for washing, but if so, it is not mentioned anywhere I've seen.

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